Display candidate transaction variables for article
| Id | 150 | |
| Author | Markusen , A., ; Godwa, A., | |
| Title | Arts and Culture in Urban or Regional Planning: A Review and Research Agenda | |
| Reference | Markusen, A., Godwa, A. (2010). Arts and Culture in Urban or Regional Planning: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Planning Education and Research 29(3) 379‑391. |
Link to article | https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X09354380 |
| Abstract | Amid the buzz on the creative city and cultural economy, knowledge about what works at various urban and regional scales is sorely lacking. This article reviews the state of knowlege about arts and culture as an urban or regional development tool, exploring norms, reviewing evidence for causal relationships, and analyzing stakeholders, bureaucratic fragmentation, and citizen participation in cultural planning. Two strategies—designated cultural districts and tourist-targeted cultural investments— illustrate how better research would inform implementation. In guiding urban cultural development, researchers should examine and clarify the impacts, risks, and opportunity costs of various strategies and the investments and revenue and expenditure patterns associated with each, so that communities and governments avoid squandering “creative city” opportunities. |
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| They also posit that cultural investments, compared to other neighborhood revitalization tools, excel at nurturing both bonding and bridging social capital. . | They were meant to both expand cultural offerings and revitalize their immediate environs. . | In addition, the built environment industry is actively engaged in using arts and culture to make money and nurture civic pride. . | The rationales for such districts, when stated, include the assertion that concentration will enable capture of economies of scale and will attract more tourists from outside the region (efficiency and growth goals) and will revitalize deteriorating central districts, arresting further decline. . | A strategy of developing a distinctive artistic expertise marketed to locals and the surrounding region may also attract more tourists in the longer run. . | Researchers and advocacy bodies have used arts and cultural economic impact assessments to support the claim that the arts and cultural sector is an important contributor of jobs, output, and public sector revenues in a regional economy. . | The commercial cultural sector also encompasses art markets (galleries, art fairs, online Web sites), for-profit performing arts spaces (theaters, music clubs, restaurants), and artists who sell their work on commission, directly to the public or on the Web. . | Cities have powerful tools for shaping the cultural economyland use and redevelopment planning, ownership of substantial parcels of land and buildings for redevelopment, infrastructure provision, and financial resources such as dedicated taxes and various community and economic development funds. . | The Causal Role of Arts and Culture in Economic Development In the United States, the art and cultural sectors presumed ability to stimulate economic development, at both regional and neighborhood scales, is one of the most frequently invoked rationales for cultural planning. . | Cultural Tourism Should cities and states invest in cultural tourism initiatives to attract visitors from outside of the region? . | By providing local cultural capacity, a city or region can capture a larger share of existing residents discretionary income that might otherwise be spent on imports or leisure and entertainment elsewhere. . | Comparative studies of outcomes across a large set of cities (that vary in the degree to which they target tourists) would help cultural planners make good decisions. . | Urban or Regional Cultural Strategies Beyond evaluating outcomes in relation to norms and goals, vetting established causal economic theories, and probing how stakeholder participation and institutional or funding structures influence outcomes, researchers can greatly assist cultural planners and jurisdictions interested in pursuing creative city initiatives by evaluating the efficacy of specific cultural strategies. . | Other research frontiers include evaluations of targeted incentives for firms in cultural industries, support for individual artists and related cultural workers, public operating or project support for arts organizations, capital support for (and sometimes public ownership and operation of) arts and cultural facilities, and changes in planning regulations, such as zoning, low-income housing, rent control, and historic preservation, that bear on the potential for cultural activity. . | Other cultural planning tools, ranging from targeted incentives for firms in cultural industries to planning regulations, such as zoning, low-income housing, rent control, and historic preservation, represent other important research frontiers. . | Similar research efforts honing in on cultural policy and investments would enhance our understanding of their effectiveness. . | An expensive strategy, the case for cultural tourism relies on durable export base theory, which claims that only production sold outside the region will generate net revenues and growth. . | In this article, we review the state of knowledge about arts and culture as urban or regional development and outline potential research that would substantially aid planners and other decision makers in crafting strategy and allocating resources. . | Most have public arts programming, including commissioned public art and support for cultural events. . |
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